Over the last couple of years we have organised and participated in many discussions about threats to the NHS, thanks to Mr Lansley. These debates have provided an opportunity to reconsider many of the founding principles of the NHS, principles which have been taken for granted for many years. This is an attempt to distil the wisdom of those debates, and we are grateful to all those who have participated.
The NHS is a large and complex organisation and it means different things to different people. People who work for the NHS have a different perspective from most patients. If we are seriously trying to defend the NHS we need to develop a clear vision about what we are defending, and what the threats to it are which we can communicate to the public.
Privatisation
“Health Ministers have said that they will never privatise the NHS“. David Cameron repeatedly says that there is no privatisation – but he appears to be trying to twist the meaning of the word so that it means charging for services. We prefer the World Health Organization definition of privatisation in healthcare as “a process in which non-governmental actors become increasingly involved in the financing and/or provision of healthcare services”.
The SHA warned about the real intention of the Health and Social Care Bill in the Dark Side
Clive Peedel produced a very helpful analysis of the privatising effect of the Health and Social Care Act. As far as people who work in the NHS are concerned the key question when services are transferred to a different provider is probably whether the staff will still be in the NHS pension scheme with NHS terms and conditions. The public, however, seem a bit confused. If you ask people if they want to see their local NHS services privatised a large majority will say no. But 56% of those asked by the Health Service Journal said they would not object to using a private supplier of medical treatment, so long as they did not have to pay.
The distinction between public and private provision has become more blurred over time. Almost all the drugs and equipment used in the NHS are privately produced and always have been. There are people who want to see the pharmaceutical industry nationalised, but they don’t seem likely to succeed in the near future. As the technology becomes more complex NHS providers are increasingly entering into deals with suppliers to lease and maintain equipment, rather than buying it. My local hospital in South Manchester has just entered a deal worth £50 million over seven years with Medtronic, who have won the contract to replace the hospital’s four catheterisation laboratories, on the basis that they are more expert than the hopspital’s staff as far as the kit is concerned.
Those who regard the biggest threat to the NHS as privatisation generally don’t have much to say about primary care. GPs, dentists, opticians, and pharmacists are almost all private commercial enterprises – and always have been. At least 90% of public contact with the NHS is with these private providers. Even organisations like Keep Our NHS Public seem perfectly relaxed about this. In discussion it appears that the objection of most of their members is not so much to private provision as to corporate provision. The issue is blurred anyway as many GPs have found ways to “profit” through taking interests in companies providing services. Their worry is not the profit individual doctors or dentists make but the prospect of exploitation by faceless corporations. Or as our academic members put it: “due diligence across different jurisdictions in multinational corporations is poor”.
Of course faceless corporations include drug companies, medical equipment providers, IT suppliers and others all of which make profits from dealing with the NHS.
It was the policy of the Socialist Medical Association for many years that “doctors working in primary care services should be whole-time salaried employees”. In recent years we haven’t talked much about this, because it seems to be coming about, but not in the way that we envisaged it. About half of all GPs are now employees – mostly employed by the declining number of other GPs who are partners. Changes in the structure of primary care may be very significant for the future of the NHS, but have attracted little attention outside the GP profession.
The proportion of NHS hospital activity supplied by the private sector increased, but not by very much, under Labour. Most of the increase was in routine surgery. This was claimed to be necessary to reduce waiting times which was a policy very popular with patients but not clinicians. In mental health a much higher proportion of work has been contracted to the private sector for a long time. In surgery the private sector are accused of cherry-picking – ie only doing easy work. In mental health the opposite is the case. The private sector mostly does long term, expensive and difficult work – people with learning difficulties and challenging behaviour, eating disorders and the like. If we are going to use the private sector at all it might be sensible to use it for work of which the quality can easily be monitored. As Winterbourne View showed, it’s not difficult to take a lot of money in this sort of work and provide a dreadful service. In mental health there aren’t many objective measurements of quality or success.
For Any Qualified Provider contracts, which have long been the norm for eyes, teeth, and drugs, we can see that quality can be defined and measured, there are lots of alternative potential suppliers and that the service is largely independent of other services. In such cases many argue that having multiple providers including private ones does little harm and can drive improvements.
We should however be worried about developments such as at Hinchingbrooke and at Cambs and Peterborough where it looks more like private providers running whole organisations in mainstream NHS.
We cannot easily demonstrate that the quality supplied by private health care is worse than what is supplied by the NHS, though of course it is easy to suppose that it would be. There were many scandals in the NHS long stay hospitals for people with learning difficulties before they were closed. In general the private health sector in the UK is not easy to compare with NHS provision. The private sector has been concentrated in what might be termed boutique operations – small sectors which for various reasons the NHS does not provide.
All this shows how hard it is to define what comprises our NHS in a way which excludes private providers.
Accountability
One of the distinguishing features of public services, as opposed to private, is that they should be accountable to the public. Nye Bevan famously said that “the sound of a bedpan falling in Tredegar Hospital would resound in the Palace of Westminster”, but succeeding Secretaries of State – Labour as well as Conservative – have generally felt that this was an unsatisfactory model of accountability.
Prof Alysson Pollock says that the National Health Service was abolished on 1st April. In her terms she is right. The Health and Social Care Act removed the duty of the health secretary to provide comprehensive healthcare. This was a central issues in the debate over Lansley’s reforms, and the Labour Party have pledged to reinstate the duty. But the political reality is that accountability for the NHS still remains with the government even if Jeremy Hunt can claim that its nothing to do with him. And those who think the NHS has already been abolished are a very small minority.
Throughout its history the NHS has used its most opaque approach to determine how resources are allocated and priorities are set down to localities – albeit within a system which is both universal and comprehensive. Key decisions have always been made behind closed doors by unaccountable, unelected and unrepresentative bureaucrats and have been heavily influenced by vested interests and special pleading. Years of PCGs, PCTs and CCGs have actually changed little around resource allocation.
Labour’s plan, which has been adopted enthusiastically by the Government, was to make all NHS Trusts into Foundation Trusts, which are, in principle, accountable to their members. However this model has no political credibility. Of those who have come to discuss their local NHS at our events less than 10% were members of any Foundation Trust, and even those who were members – or in some cases elected governors – did not regard the democratic arrangements as anything more than decorative.
The Act established new local involvement structures. Local Healthwatch, the latest replacement for Community Health Councils, so far looks very weak. It’s remit has been expanded but its funding and profile have contracted. Individual Clinical Commissioning Groups have to make their own local involvement structures, and there seems to be widespread agreement that these are an improvement on what was done by PCTs. PCTs became increasingly insensitive to local communities as they became more subject to central direction. CCGs may, of course, go the same way.
Many express the view that commissioning and provision should not be separated, but there is confusion about the difference between planning, strategic commissioning, procurement and purchasing. In any system there has to be some planning and decisions are made about allocating resources and priorities. It appears obvious that these decisions should not be made by those who provide the services eg GPs can hardly decide for themselves how much they should be paid and what they are required to deliver; hospitals can’t just decide what services they provide, staff up and pass on the bill. The long history of the NHS has been tarnished by the way vested interests and historical settlements have taken priority over more sensible ways to provide funding. One of the more dreadful aspects of the Health & Social Care Act is that it effectively removes any idea of planning – it leaves it to the market.
Private Finance Initiative
PFI is fundamentally a much wider issue than the NHS, although the use of PFI in health is the most incompetent. Of course it’s more expensive to finance developments commercially than directly from Government funds – but direct Government funding has never been widely available. Paying the charges for PFI schemes is of course a burden on individual NHS Trusts, but perversely, as has been demonstrated in South London having a PFI scheme means your hospital will not be closed.
It is often forgotten that the use of the financial model for PFI was only one part of the problem. Most PFI hospitals were justified based on projections about activity that were signed off by the NHS but very soon turned out to be badly wrong. The gold plating and over engineering of PFI buildings was signed off by all and sundry. Many of the benefits around service changes that clinicians and others signed up for – to justify the new build – were never delivered. The use of private as opposed to public finance just made it worse. Even without PFI most of the projects led by the Department of Health would still have been poor value for money.
Competition and choice
Under the new regime established under the Health and Social Care Act competitive tendering has become much more widespread, especially in the provision of community services. As might be expected this is leading to a significant expansion of non-NHS provision. However this expansion is primarily in areas where patients have little choice. In community services, as in mental health, patients generally don’t have any choice about where they are treated. They are effectively the commodity out of which the provider hopes to make profits. This sort of competition has nothing to do with patient choice.
Conspiracy
The report that Oliver Letwin told a private meeting that the “NHS will not exist” within five years of a Conservative election victory has been made much of. Other Conservatives have said the same sort of thing in the past. But analysing every policy development in terms of a conspiracy is not very helpful. After all, our opponents could point to Labour Party members who wanted to nationalise the 200 largest companies, but those ambitions have not been realised.
There are Conservatives who object to the whole idea of the NHS and would like to replace it with an American type insurance based system, but they are kept locked up in a basement somewhere. Every serious politician understands that moves in that direction would be political suicide.
We know that there are many from various parties and persuasions who do believe that more competition and more entry for other providers is good for the NHS. But we should accept the fact that the current regime is using every opportunity to open up the provision of services to private providers.
Principles of the NHS
The SHA has for many years argued for “Universal healthcare meeting patients’ needs, free at the point of use, funded by taxation.” We still think that is the fundamental principle that needs to be defended.
Bevan had more to say about the ideas behind the establishment of the NHS. The one I like best is “The essence of a satisfactory health service is that the rich and the poor are treated alike, that poverty is not a disability, and wealth is not advantaged.” This, like many of the ideas around the NHS is more an aspiration than a principle, but that does not mean it’s unimportant. He also said “Warm gushes of self-indulgent emotion are an unreliable source of driving power in the field of health organization.” But he said very little about the merits of public versus private provision. Public provision does not appear to have been a principle for him. If we now think its an important principle then as far as most of the public is concerned, we need to explain exactly what the principle is and why its important.
Free at the point of need
Charging for GP consultations is popular with GPs, not as a way of raising money, but as a way of controlling demand. But it might not work. If people pay for something they feel a greater sense of entitlement. The people who would be deterred by a charge of £20 or so would be people who would turn up in hospital when their problems are more serious and more expensive to treat. Richer people, who on the whole are less in need, would pay their £20 and demand to be seen more often.
Some hospitals have tried to offer NHS type services for money when commissioners would not pay for them – for example IVF treatment for infertility. Their reasoning is that they are prepared to give patients an identical service to that given to NHS patients, and for the same price. Typically private patients get more frills – private rooms and so on – and they are charged more than NHS prices. Although we sympathise with the intentions we think this is dangerous territory. The principle that NHS treatment is free unless charges are agreed by Parliament is important. If you have to pay, however little, it’s not NHS treatment.
Comprehensive
In 1948 patients could be told the NHS “will provide you with all medical, dental and nursing care.” However what could be provided was very limited by today’s standards. There weren’t many treatments that worked. The NHS had a lot of beds but not much else. There wasn’t any talk about rationing. But as more treatments have been developed the NHS, like every other health system, has introduced measures intended to ensure that only cost-effective treatment is paid for. We regard the establishment of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence as one of the most important achievements of the Labour Government.
It seems inevitable that more decisions about what treatment can be paid for under the NHS will have to be made. Politicians are uncomfortable with the idea, but all medical treatment is rationed, everywhere. We should spend our money on the most cost-effective treatments until we’ve used up all the money.
That leads us back to the previous point. There are already plenty of procedures that the NHS will not provide because they are not regarded as good value for money (the Croydon List), and there will be more as austerity bites deeper. Some of them are things that some patients would be prepared to pay for. When we considered the question of “topping-up” NHS services in 2008 we said “We stand by the line that the NHS – and its staff – should not be offering or delivering additional or better treatment for money.” That was in the context of privately funded chemotherapy. Do the same considerations apply, for example, to the removal of tattoos? If NHS providers don’t do this sort of work then private providers will.
Defending the National Health Service
Andy Burnham’s position is that the NHS should be the preferred provider of health services. He hasn’t clearly explained how exactly decisions would be made to contract some other provider. It was Andy who initiated the process which led to Circle getting a management franchise to run Hinchinbrooke Hospital. There the private sector was used as a last resort – and it still remains to be demonstrated that the private sector can deliver something the NHS could not do.
A commercial health system has no incentive to keep people healthy. One of the principles which inspired the setting up of the NHS was that it should be preventative. The Government’s move towards a more consumer approach to health care undermines that idea. Medical treatment is not like consumer services. It isn’t a good thing in itself. No sane person wants more medical treatment than they can avoid.